October 2023

• October 7, 2023 – Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, killing around 1,200 people and taking roughly 250 hostages. Israel responded immediately with heavy airstrikes across Gaza.
  

• October 8–31, 2023 – Israeli airstrikes pounded Gaza, targeting densely populated areas. By the end of October, over 8,000 Palestinians had been reported killed, according to Gaza health authorities.
  

• October 17, 2023 – An explosion at the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City killed an estimated 200–500 people. Responsibility remains disputed.
  

• October 19, 2023 – An Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where civilians were sheltering, killing at least 18 people.
  

• October 27, 2023 – Israel launched a full-scale ground invasion into northern Gaza, leading to intensified battles and increased casualties among civilians and fighters.

November – December 2023

• Daily airstrikes and shelling continued throughout Gaza, particularly in the north. Civilian infrastructure, including schools, refugee camps, and hospitals, were hit.
  

• By the end of December 2023, the Palestinian death toll surpassed 20,000, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.

January – March 2024

• Winter 2024 saw continued bombardment, including on southern areas like Khan Younis and Rafah, where many displaced people had fled. Thousands more were killed.
  

• By March 2024, the estimated death toll had reached approximately 29,000–30,000.

April – July 2024

• Airstrikes and ground operations intensified in southern Gaza. Many shelters and refugee camps were hit, resulting in additional mass casualties.
  

• By July 2024, total deaths were reported to exceed 35,000, with tens of thousands more wounded.

August – December 2024

• Despite some brief lulls, Israeli operations continued across Gaza. Entire neighborhoods were reduced to rubble. Reports described escalating death rates in areas where aid was scarce.
  

• By December 2024, the death toll was estimated at over 45,000.

January – March 2025

• The death toll surpassed 50,000 by early 2025, according to the Gaza Health Ministry. Many of the dead were women and children, with mass casualties reported in strikes on hospitals, aid convoys, and shelters.
  

• March 2025 – A series of Israeli airstrikes killed nearly 700 people in one week, according to Palestinian sources, marking one of the deadliest periods since the conflict began.